腎膿瘍在小兒族群中相當罕見，也很少被認為是膀胱輸尿管逆流所引發的併發症。我們報告一位女性病童罹患雙側腎膿瘍及左側膀胱輸尿管尿液逆流來顯示逆流和腎膿瘍其實有很密切的相關性。其右側腎膿瘍以抗生素即可治癒，但其左側腎膿瘍則須加上經皮膚穿刺引流術才得以治癒。左側逆流的輸尿管于追蹤一年後接受輸尿管重植術痊癒，術後卻發現對側輸尿管發生逆流的現象，腎膿瘍在初診斷時若無發現合併逆流，可能暗示其合併有先前已自行痊癒的逆流，或間歇性逆流，或因偽陰性膀胱攝影術而未被診斷的逆流。我們建議幼兒若出現腎膿瘍應被考慮到是膀胱輸尿管逆流之併發症，即使一開始並未診斷合併有逆流，亦應持續密切監控，以免腎臟因潛在之逆流疾病而繼續受到傷害。

Renal abscesses are extremely rare in children and are rarely described as a complication of vesicoureteral reflux. Here we report a case, who presented with bilateral renal abscesses and a unilateral left-side reflux. The close relationship between reflux and renal abscesses was also demonstrated. The right renal abscess was cured by antibiotic therapy alone, but the left renal abscess required additional percutaneous drainage. The left-side refluxing ureter was reimplant-ed successfully one year later, while a new onset of contralateral reflux was found postoperatively. A renal abscess without reflux presented at diagnosis, implying the possible presence of a resolved reflux, an intermittent reflux, or a reflux masked by a false negative cystogram. We suggest that renal abscess formation in children should be considered as a complication of vesico-ureteral reflux. To avoid progressive renal injury by undiagnosed reflux, medical survilliance is necessary even no reflux is documented at initial diagnosis