小兒麻痺症的學名是脊髓灰質炎，由小兒麻痺病毒感染所引起，病毒進入人體後會損害脊髓前角內的運動神經元致使患者肌肉萎縮、手足麻痺而行動不便。後小兒麻痺症候群是描述小兒麻痺倖存者從受到感染的急性時期康復一、二十年後，所遭遇的一些共同症狀。這些症狀包括新出現的肌肉衰弱、肌肉疼痛與疲勞等等。本文綜論了小見麻痺症與後小兒麻痺症候群發生的原因，後小兒麻痺症候群的臨床診斷標準、處理和治療方法。此外，文中也回顧了此疾病在醫學影像檢查中所觀察到的一些變化。

Poliomyelitis (polio), it is the effect of the poliovirus damages motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord resulting in lower motor neuron weakness or paralysis. Postpolio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that affects polio survivor 10 to 20 years later after recovered from an initial acute attack of the poliovirus. Symptoms include new or increased muscular weakness, oath in the muscles and fatigue. In this paper the pathology of poliomyelitis and post-polio syndrome, the clinical diagnostic standards, management and treatment of PPS patients were summarized. In addition, the medical imaging findings were also reviewed.