公私觀念作為中國思想史的重要問題，歷來受到學界的重視，本文以權利觀念為核心探討梁啟超在公私觀念的近代轉向中所起的作用。明清之際「私」開始抬頭，但思想界並沒有將其視為權利的自覺。近代以來，梁啟超逐漸將「私」視為個人權利，並且「公」從「天下」縮小為「國」之原則，從而使得「合私成公」這種傳統觀念不再限於對個體的道德要求，更具體化為國家的合法性依據，由此促進梁啟超「國民」思想的形成。梁啟超對於傳統公私觀念的繼承與發展體現了中西近代化過程的一致性與差異性，一致性體現在肯定個人權利，差異性體現在不同於西方近代權利至上的觀念，中國近代的「私」雖然存在權利轉向，但強調公私和諧，其自身並非是一個絕對性的概念。

This article discusses the role of Liang Chi-chao in the modern shift of public-private concept with the concept of rights as the core. Since modern times, Liang Chi-chao has gradually regarded “private” as an individual right, and “public” has been reduced from “world” to the principle of “country”, so that the traditional concept of “Hesi-Chenggong” is no longer limited to the moral requirements of individuals, more concretely as the legal basis of the country, thereby promoting the formation of Liang Chi-chao’s “national” thought. Liang Chi-chao’s inheritance and development of traditional public and private ideas reflects the consistency and difference of the modernization process between China and the West. Consistency is reflected in the affirmation of individual rights. Difference is reflected in China’s emphasis on public-private harmony.