在印度哲學史上，對「非認知」這一論題的研究貢獻最多的有三位哲學家，他們分別是Kumārila、法稱 (Dharmakīrti) 和他的老師自在軍 (Īśvarasena)。我們有足夠的材料顯示Kumārila和法稱在這一議題上的觀點，可有關自在軍的資料就非常缺乏。
本文要討論一些可能與自在軍傳統有關的材料和學説，這包括護法 (Dharmapāla)、無性 (Asvabhāva) 和最勝子 (Jinaputra) 有關著作以及中國學者有關註疏中的「非量」概念，還有法稱著作中的「非量性」 (apramānatā, apramānatva) 概念。我將試圖證明這兩個概念與自在軍所主張的獨立於知覺經驗和邏輯推理的第三種認知方式即非認知有關。這一研究將有助於彌補非認知理論早期發展史上的空白。

In the history of Indian philosophy, three major figures that con-tributed to the theory of non-cognition are the Mīmājsāka Kumārila, the Buddhist Īśvarasena and his student Dharmakīrti. Whereas we have plenty of materials for Kumārila and Dharmakīrti, sources on Īśvarasena are very limited.
This paper will discuss some concepts and materials that may be linked to the Īśvarasena tradition. Among them are the concept of feiliang非量, as found in the writings of Dharmapāla, Asvabhāva, Jinaputra and their Chinese counterparts, and apramānatā (or apramānatva), as found in the works of Dharmakīrti and his commentators. I shall demonstrate that the two concepts in many ways mirror the theory of three pramānas proposed by Īśvarasena. Through this study, I hope to fill gaps in our understanding of the early development of the theory of non-cognition.