對史密特而言，現代性問題實為一個政治神學問題，本文主要就現代性的論域中做出對「政治神學」的釐清。 政治神學在此是指：一種建立在啟示基礎上的政治理論，這種理論順從至高的權威者上帝，同時將自己理解為處於「被檢驗和受審判的地位」的歷史行動。不僅僅在「國家學的類比」方面，敵我論、決斷論和價值專政論本身即充滿著神學意味。 史密特的政治神學是有其具體的敵人。就現代性而言，自由主義者（凱森）和無政府主義者（巴枯寧）即是政治神學家的敵人，因為在他們背後即是存在著某種神學立場，分別是自然神論和無神論。史密特的政治神學從主權問題切入批評自由主義和無政府主義都排除了「神蹟」這個最具神學意味的概念，如何從例外狀態到主權決斷論，政治神學展開了其最為堅定的立場。

This article provides the critical study to Carl Schmitt's concept of Politische Theologie as he understood-that is, political theorizing that claims to have its ultimate ground in the revelation of God, and especially which structurally onto the problem of Modernity. According to Schmitt, Politische Theologie as understanding of what the problem of modernity really mean, and explains that why modernity is actually a problem of concerns the reality of enemy. The definition of the political as the distinction between friend and enemy, for Schmitt, the problem of modernity is the brutal reality of the modern revolt against God. As the enemy of Political Theologian, Liberalism (Hans Kelsen) and Anarchism(Bakunin) are genuinely theological, whose real possibility recognize an utterly detheologized counter-position.