八0年代以來，改革開放的深入推展，對大陸經濟社會產生深刻的變革，而嚴格的計劃生育政策對降低生育率也產生了一定的成效，在此過程中，原有的人口問題，有些獲得了緩解有些則更為彰顯，而隨著人口與社經環境的變遷，新的問題也隨之出現。本文主要從改革與計劃生育政策的面向切入，探討大陸當前較顯著的人口問題一一失業、民工潮、學童中報學業以及人口老化。指出問題的產生並勾勒出問題的變貌，使對一九七九年改革以來大陸新出現的人口現象和人口問題有所認識，以為進一步深入探究的基礎。

The reform and opening-up policy first initiated at the end of 1978 has brought about significant changes to mainland China's economy and society. At the same time， the birth rate on the mainland has also been slowing down following the implementation of mainland China's family planning policy. With these economic， social， and population changes， new concerns are appearing on the mainland. These include rising unemployment， waves of floating workers， an increase in the number of primary school dropouts， and population ageing.