本文把腦部定義為生物建構物，把心靈界定為命題或敘事建構物。主張非生物精神疾病──例如抑鬱和精神分裂──並非因果實體（causal entities），僅僅是對群組症狀（sympton cluster）賦予的名稱。這種疾病的根源是可疑的信念、價值觀和假設。本文最後的結論是，無論輕微或嚴重，或是所謂「臨床」精神疾病，只要本體上是非生物的，都可以透過哲學治療，甚至「治癒。」許多心理治療已經以「談話治療」的名義，成功應用了哲學。對於臨床精神健康照護的提供者，哲學教育將有助於提升其治療能力。

This essay offers a definition of brain as biological, and mind as a propositional or narrative construct. It is argued that non-biological mental illnesses such as depression and schizophrenia are not causal entities. They are simply the names given to symptom clusters. They originate in problematic beliefs, values, and assumptions. This leads to the conclusion that both mild and serious, or so-called ‘clinical’, mental illnesses can be treated and even ‘cured’ with philosophy as long as their ontology is non-biological. Much of psychotherapy already successfully applies philosophy under the term ‘talk therapy.’ An education in philosophy will help the therapeutic competence of clinical mental health care providers.