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篇名 回到民法第一一三條--為締結法律行為過失責任催生
卷期 3:1
並列篇名 Back to Article 113 in Taiwanese Civil Code--Creating Liability for Fault in Legal Act-Making
作者 邱聰智
頁次 33-102
關鍵字 締結法律行為過失締結法律行為責任締約過失締約責任損害賠償回復原狀法律行為不成立法律行為無效表現法律行為體系解釋限縮解釋類推適用Doctrine of promissory estoppel in legal act-makingLiability of faults during the process of conclusion of contractDamagesRestore to the status quo anteRestitutionRehabiliationNon-constituted legal actInvalid legal actOstensible legal actSystematic constructionRestrained interpretationTo meet the legislator intentApplied by analogy
出刊日期 200712

中文摘要

在法律行為締結過程中,其當事人有過失以致相對人受有損害者,視為所謂締結法律行為過失(簡稱締結過失);其因而應負之賠償責任,視為通稱的法律行為前責任。對於此一法學課題的建構,我國民法(學)大體依循德、日民法(學)的發展軌跡,採突出締約過失(責任)的思維模式;並在此基礎上,藉民法債編的修正(第二四五條之一的增訂及第二四七條之修訂),完成具體的立法確立,以締約過失責任為主流的法律行為前責任體制,為之確定,復為主流學理所肯定。法律行為前責任,顯然不以真的前責任為限,突出締約過失責任,應面對其他法律行為轉型的締結過失責任問題,其解決之道,無可避免的,必須廣泛援用類推適用,形成「法律行為前責任=締約過失責任類型條項+類推適用」的制度實質。一套法律理論,必須廣泛藉助類推適用,才能勉強填補此起彼落的法律漏洞,是否盡符體系嚴謹完整的檢驗?如法律解決適用上尚有可行的代替方案,是否可以嘗試探索及評比?應均是值得探索的重要課題。在法律行為前的法制構成上,我國民法於第一一三條設有德、日民法所無的特殊條文;如果不輕率否定民法該條的規範功能,則其體現的實質制度內容,殆與學理所欲建構的完整法律行為前責任,頗為吻合。已其與民法主流思維模式表徵的第二四五條之一等相較,似更能趨近個案之客觀具體情況,以彈性機制強化權益保護及具體正義的妥善實現。因為,民法第一三三條的規定,未將賠償範圍漸縮於信賴利益賠償,從學理上可以發展出「從信賴利益賠償到履行利益賠償」的制度模式;導出這樣的論點,不僅接近比較法的通制,而且也與德日民法學晚近的有利學院若合符節。再者,民法本條所規定的回復原狀,也可為給付不當得利作更妥適的詮釋;因為給付不當得利的利益返還範圍,應以回復(權益變動前的)原狀為適用準則,而非設限於現存利益。而且,民法本條關於回復原狀的規定,係沿襲大理院早期的判例而來,其立法定制,尚非空穴來風,也非突如其來。本文認識,本文爰以民法第一一三條規定為重心,一方面觀察歸納法律史及比較法的發展,另一方面分別從解釋論及立法院的角度,研析檢討締結過失的相關重要課題,並以如下重點的締結法律行為過失責任體系,希望藉此庶可為我國民法建構更融貫完整的法律行為前責任體制,提出一絲建言:

英文摘要

In a process of constituting a legal act, when one party who negligently causes impairers to the other party, this can been seen as a fault in legal act-making; Its thus should take the undertakes an obligation of compensation, and which is called the liability of pre-legal act. Regarding a jurisprudence topic construction, our hierarchy of civil law is substantially relies on the legal development path of German and Japanese law, which adopts the approach of liability for fault in contract-making. And in this foundation, the revision of the Obligation part of the ROC Civil Code (a Art.245-1 revising and Art.247 revision), completes the concrete legislation establishment, takes the liability for fault in contract-making as the main system of the liability of pre-legal act, determined for it, turns round affirmed for the mainstream scientific theory.The liability of pre-legal act, concludes a liability for fault in contract-making, should face other pre-legal act reforming to the questions of the liability for fault in contract-making, its solution, inevitable, must widely cite the analogy to be suitable, the formation

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