學習成就落差是國內外教育研究相當重要的議題之一，但對於研究成就落差之實徵研究卻十分地有限，因此，本文將從學生在國中基本學力之測驗分數來分析近年台灣地區學生之學習成就落差狀況。本文之研究目的有二：一、瞭解台灣不同社經地位、不同族群、不同都市化程度地區、不同學校類別之學生學習成就表現；二、瞭解近五年來台灣學生成就落差變化之趨勢。本研究以2004～2008年參加第一次國中基本學力測驗之國三學生為研究對象，探討社經地位、族群類別、都市化程度及學校類別等變項與學習成就落差之關聯。研究結果發現，各科之學習成就落差的確存在於不同社經地位、不同族群類別、不同都市化程度及不同學校類別的學生，且由不同年度的不同群體間之落差以時間序列長期趨勢分析發現，英語科、國文科及基本學力測驗總分隨著年度之變化，其落差愈大。

Learning achievement gap is one of the important issues in educational studies, but empirical research in this field is limited. The present study investigated the discrepancy phenomenon in Taiwanese students' learning achievement for the past 5 years through analyzing their Basic Competence Test (BCTEST) scores. We recruited the junior high school graduates who took the BCTEST from 2004 to 2008. Their data were analyzed to examine the associations between achievement discrepancy and variables such as socioeconomic status (SES), ethnic group, type of school and degree of urbanization. Results showed that learning achievement gaps existed in different subjects and also among students from different SES, ethnic groups, types of school, and areas in terms of degrees of urbanization. In addition, time series analysis was conducted to observe the longitudinal trend for the discrepancy among different groups of students. The results showed that the achievement gaps of the English scores, Chinese scores, and total scores in BCTEST were getting larger each year.