多重抗藥性結核病(multidrug-resistant tuberculosis)是指罹患至少對最重要的兩種抗結核藥物isoniazid及rifampicin抗藥的結核菌株之結核病。造成多重抗藥性結核病的原因很多，但最常見的原因多為病人服藥順從性不佳或醫師不適當之治療療程。藉由短程直接觀察療法
「都治計畫」(directly observed therapy, short-course; DOTS)的介入，能減少多重抗藥性結核病的產生。而對於多重抗藥性結核病而言，預防永遠是最好的策略。另外藉由「進階都治計劃」(DOTS-Plus)的介入，以期增加多重抗藥性結核病的治癒率。經由建構有效率的結核病防治體系，是預防及治療多重抗藥性結核病的重要策略。

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is defined by bacillary resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin in vitro. Although a great diversity of reasons accounting for MDR-TB, poor treatment adherence of patient or inappropriate prescription of physicians are still the major causes. Implementation of DOTS (directly observed therapy, short-course) could decrease incidence of MDR-TB. For MDR-TB, prevention is best strategy. Besides,implantation of DOTS-plus also could increase cure rate. To build efficacious framework system for managing tuberculosis is an important issue to prevent and treat MDR-TB