中國最大的問題是農民問題，農民最大的問題是土地問題。目前中國農村土地制度變遷的產權標的，仍是以集體所有制為目標模式，但其內涵和外沿並不是先驗地存在，土地集體所有制是一個在實踐中不斷活動著的範疇，歷經土地改革、農業合作化運動、人民公社及家庭承包制等階段，目前仍處於不斷摸索演化中。本文從新制度經濟學的角度出發，並依歷史事實提出三個命題，探究中國農村土地制度變遷及調適過程，並分析制度安排的成本與效益，梳理其未來深化制度調適的方向與觀察架構。

The most difficult issues in China are those of rural farmers, and thegreatest trouble of farmers is that of land. The goal of restructuring in China’srural land system has been a system of collective ownership, but its inner andouter conditions have never previously existed. China’s system of collectiveland ownership is a paradigm established by continuous practice. Havingprogressed through stages such as Land Reform, the Agriculture CorporativeMovement, Rural People’s Communes, and the Household ResponsibilitySystem, is still in a constant state of evolution and exploration. This articleapproaches the issue from the perspective of New Institutional Economicsand offers three propositions about Agricultural Reform through historicalfacts while exploring the processes of variation and adaptation in China’srural land system, analyzing the costs and benefits of system arrangements,and assessing the direction and observational framework for the system’sfuture adaptation.