物理治療師是早期療育服務專業團隊的成員之一，在兒童健康促進及發展照護扮演重要的角色。近年來，物理治療師更於新生兒加護病房提供急性期的服務，針對發展遲緩高危險性新生兒執行神經發展評估以及提供家屬有關發展照護的知識教育與技巧訓練，因此亟需相關知識做為服務的基礎。本文獻回顧的目的為：(l)簡介早產兒臨床上常見的嚴重腦部病變，包括腦室內出血以及腦室周邊白質軟化症，回顧其病理機轉、常用的神經影像學檢查、以及影像學分級與預後的關聯性；(2)介紹新生兒神經動作評估及其應用，包括神經學檢查、整體動作評估、運動學分析等方法，以了解嚴重腦部病變的早期神經發展表徵；以及(3)回顧針對罹患嚴重腦部病變之早產兒所進行之多感覺介入及跑步機訓練之效果，並探討未來早期介入的實證研究方向。本文的資料將有助於物理治療師了解早產合併嚴重腦部病變的病程，以俾針對這些發展高危險性早產兒進行早期的神經動作評估與設計適合的介入治療計畫。

Physical therapists are important members of early intervention team to enhance child health and development. In recent years, physical therapists have joined the medical team in neonatal intensive care unit to provide developmental services in acute settings. The services involve neurodevelopmental examination and intervention of newborns who are at risk of developmental disabilities, and home program education for their families. Therefore, acquisition of pertinent knowledge is essential to build the basis of these developmental services. This review article is aimed for three purposes: (1) to introduce the pathology, neuroimaging, and prognostic factors of the most commonly observed brain lesions in premature infants (i.e., intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia); (2) to describe the contemporary neonatal neuromotor assessments (e.g., neuorlogic examination, general movement assessment, and kinematic analysis) and their clinical applications; and (3) to discuss the efficacy of multisensory intervention and treadmill training for severe brain lesions associated with prematurity and the direction of future research. The reviewed information will help physical therapists understand the course and prognosis of severe brain lesions in prematurity, and assist in choosing appropriate early neuromotor assessment and therapeutic intervention for those infants who are at risk of developmental disabilities.