本文不以「大人物」 、「大敘事」為考論對象，而以明末清初中國「不發達地區」的地方儒者一一俠西的文翔鳳、廣西的王啟元、江西的謝文詩、河北的魏裔介為分析個案，揭示他們在儒學信仰之外，其實在宗教問題領域亦別有一番思想旨趣值得關注。本文主要指出三點:一、他們積極主張「事天」、「尊天」、「畏天」 、「立命」 '其中甚至有人企圖建立「孔教」、「儒教」;二、他們對「天」 、「上帝」 等宗教問題的觀念表述，應是晚明清初儒學與宗教的互動格局的一種生動反映;三、他們應對外來天主教的態度各異，或從傳統宗教或從理學本位的角度來排斥或評價外來新宗教。總之，明清之際的這些思想、新動向足以提供我們許多深刻的省思。

Instead of “great figures" in “grand narratives," this article is a casestudy of four marginal Confucians in the under-developed areas of Chinaduring the Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasties: 叭Ten Xiangfeng in Shanxi,Wang Qiyuan in Guang泣， Xie Wencun in Jiangxi, and Wei Yijie in Hebei.The paper aims to show that, in addition to their Confucian convictions,their unique ideas on religious matters also deserve our close attention. Particularly,it attempts to show that (i) they all advocate the ideas of “serviceto Heaven,"“reverence for Heaven,"“fear of Heaven," and “ establishingone's destiny," with some of them even attempting to institutionalize a Confucianor Ruist religion; (ii) their conceptualizations of the religious ideas of“Heaven" and “God" vividly reflect the interactions between Confucianismand other religions in that period; and (iii) they assess and reject Catholicismas a foreign religion from their standpoint as followers of either traditionalreligions or Neo-Confucianism. In short, this intellectual trend of the MingQingDynasties demands our serious attention.