最近在臺南科學園區（簡稱南科）內的一些考古遺址，出土了大量稻米與小米的遺留，最早的年代大約在距今5,000年前左右。考古證據顯示，它們都是當時的農作物和人類的糧食。這個考古發現將臺灣農業的歷史推早到5,000年前，具有非常重要的研究價值與意義。本文除了概略介紹這些發現之外，也就南科稻米與小米的來源及南科小米是否是現代原住民小米農業的源頭兩個問題作了討論，並提出了初步的看法。筆者認為南科最早的稻米與小米及其耕種技術比較可能是由大坌坑文化人的祖先從原居地帶到臺灣來的。至於在現代原住民生活與文化中極為重要的小米農業文化傳統是否可以溯源到與南科5,000年前的小米，從考古與民族學的資料來看，似乎還有待商榷。

The remains of large quantities of rice and millet have recently been unearthed from some of the archaeological sites in Tainan Science Park (abbreviated as TSP), with dates ranging from 5,000 years before present down to 300 years ago. Archaeological evidence shows that these rice and millets grains were most probably the remains of ancient people's agricultural crops and foodstuffs. These archaeological discoveries have pushed Taiwan's agricultural history back to 5,000 years ago and therefore have great research value and significance. This article briefly describes these findings, and also discusses and provides a preliminary view on two related issues: 1. What were the sources of the earliest rice and millet cultivated in Taiwan as unearthed in TSP? 2. Can millet cultivation among modern Taiwanese aborigines be traced back to the millet cultivation of 5,000 years ago as exemplified in TSP? My preliminary conclusions are that first, rice and millet cultivation were most probably brought to Taiwan from their homeland on the coast of South China by the people of the Tapenkeng Culture, and second, it is still not clear whether millet cultivation among Taiwan aborigines is related to the millet cultivated in Taiwan 5,000 years ago.