腎臟移植可以改善透析病患的生活品質及提高存活率，但是因病患本身疾病的因素、環境及免疫抑制劑等種種因子的影響下，術後罹患癌症的機率逐漸增加，反而影響了術後病人本身及其移植腎的存活率。本文分析及討論腎移植後發生癌症的來源、種類及危險因子，比較國內外的流行病學資料，並提出手術前後針對腫瘤篩檢應該注意的事項，希望對於腎移植病患的照顧有更深一層的了解，以求早期診斷，早期治療。

Kidney transplantation dramatically improves life quality and survival rate in dialysis patients. Due to underlying diseases, environmental factors and immunosuppressant usage, the incidence of malignancy post
kidney transplantation has become a well-recognized problem and affects the survival of transplanted graft and its recipient. This review article will discuss different origins and classifications of malignancy post kidney transplantation, analyze its risk factors, and compare its epidemiology with data from different regions. In addition, cancer screenings before and after surgery are mandatory for kidney transplant recipients in order to optimize care and assessment of this selected population.