蟯蟲是最常見的腸胃道蠕蟲感染，台灣歷經30 年的腸道寄生蟲防治，至今蛔蟲、鉤蟲及鞭蟲的感染率都已經低於1%，而蟯蟲的感染率仍維持在2%左右。我們報告一名四歲幼童因急性腹痛經手術處置後，臨床診斷為急性闌尾炎，病理切片於闌尾腔發現蟯蟲蟲體。當蟯蟲移行至闌尾，可能造成急性闌尾炎、慢性闌尾炎、或是闌尾穿孔，亦有報告指出不會造成症狀。本文就幼童闌尾炎、蟯蟲感染與闌尾炎的關係等彙整相關文獻報告。

A four years old boy presents with suspect acute appendicitis and surgical removal was decided. The surgical diagnosis was acute appendicitis but the pathological diagnosis was Enterobius vermicularis infection in removed appendix. Appendicitis is rare in children < 5 years of age and is more difficult to diagnose in young children. The role of Enterobius vermicularis as a cause of acute appendicitis remains controversial. Enterobius infestation may be associated with acute appendicitis, chronic appendicitis, ruptured appendicitis, or without clinical symptoms 1. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies of incidence of acute appendicitis due to Enterobius infection nor case report in Taiwan.