護理之家肺炎(Nursing home associated pneumonia, NHAP) 意指肺炎發生在一個長期護理
機構的居民。護理之家肺炎是最常引起護理之家住民死亡的原因。大多護理之家肺炎導因於
嗆入口咽部的分泌物，或由吸入飛沫而傳染。及早診斷並針對個案特性相關的病原菌使用適
當的抗生素治療，可以顯著降低死亡率。最常發現的病原體包括肺炎克雷伯菌、綠膿桿菌、
金黃色葡萄球菌、肺炎鏈球菌、流感嗜血桿菌、肺炎衣原體、流感病毒等等。預後取決於宿
主的免疫系統、患者其他器官的共病、合併症、和肺葉受影響的程度。長期護理機構的工作
人員和住民建議接種流感疫苗，以減少感染性肺炎的傳播。

Nursing home–acquired pneumonia (NHAP) is defined as pneumonia occurring in a resident of a long-term care facility or nursing home. NHAP is one of the most common infectious diseases and is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity among residents. NHAP may result when a patient aspirates oropharyngeal contents into lung segments or lobes. Promptly instituting empiric antimicrobial therapy significantly decreases the likelihood of mortality, and direct antimicrobial coverage against the most likely pathogens. The most frequently identified pathogens include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, influenza viruses, staphylococcus aureus, or other enteriobacteriaceae. Prognosis depends on the host immune system, the patient’s preexisting cardiopulmonary reserve status, co-morbidities, and the extent of the patient's lobar involvement resulting from the pneumonia. Nursing home staff and residents should be vaccinated against influenza; residents should also be immunized against Streptococcus pneumonia, to reduce the outbreaks of infectious pneumonia.