當國語動詞表完成貌的標記“了”出現在穩定性性質謂語時，它 可表達非預期意，有標示超常語意的功能。“了”的這種用法跟“了” 在比較句中的用法不同。本文提出國語的這種特殊的動詞型態變化可 對應於英語的表非現實意的過去式。兩種情況都可用「排斥性」這一 特徵來概括在時間，空間，以及心理空間上對某種參照點的偏離。

In Mandarin Chinese, when the verbal perfect aspect marker le occurs with an individual-level predicate, it can denote unexpectedness, functioning as a mirative marker.
The mirative le construction is syntactically different from a transitive comparative construction. The paper argues for a parallelism between counterfactual morphology and counter-expectedness morphology. It is shown that the feature [Exclusion] covers both the fake past tense in the former and the fake perfect aspect in the latter.