政治的學術研究眞的不應只是一個經驗取向的政治理論，也應該 取向於探討民眾與政治人物如何觀察政治。本文引用魯曼觀察理論解 讀政治論述。魯曼根據史賓塞-布朗的「形式法則」，定義觀察是藉 由一個區別所進行的標示，在此的區別是指一組運算。他並且區分一 階觀察與二階觀察。前者是對事物的觀察；後者則是對觀察的觀察。 整體而言，魯曼觀察理論預設弔詭作爲最後形式，因此是一種具有自 我套用邏輯的「超級理論」。二階觀察者深知，藉由「再進入」的解 讀結果是弔詭的且偶連的。

Political science should not only be concerned with empirically oriented political theory, but should also consider how politicians and citizens observe politics. Accordingly, this paper uses Niklas Luhmann’s observation theory to interpret political discourse. According to George Spencer-Brown’s “laws of form,” Luhmann defines observation as indicating something by means of a distinction. Moreover, Luhmann divides observation into “the first order observation” and “the second order observation.” The former observes things; the latter observes observation. Luhmann’s observation theory postulates paradox as the latter form, and therefore can be regarded as a “supertheory” characterized by autologic. The second order observer fully understands that all interpretation results derived by means of “re-entry” are paradoxical and contingent.