本文關注中國南部、越南、遼國和泰國地帶瑤族（特別是所謂盤瑤）流 傳的一種文獻。該文獻以很多名稱出現，最常見的《評皇券牒》或《過山榜》； 通常為卷軸形式，上有帝王印章、護符、皇帝和道教神明畫像、地圓等。由 於和中國官府文件很類似、使用了帝國象徵和語言、以及其中蘊含的瑤族認 同，過去的學者通場將之視為帝國授與瑤族領袖、允許他們在帝國山區自治 的敕令。本文中，筆者將之視為原住民的創作，源自地方的瑤族領袖，他們 操弄熟知的帝國文本慣例，為自己、族人和家人謀利。從清朝到二十世紀前 半，瑤人（主要是湖南、廣西和廣東的盤瑤）流傳、複製、並為後代保存《評 皇券牒》與類似的文件。本文探究其目的為何？最後，筆者分析瑤族社群創 作券牒的傳統，說明其如何結合敘事和視覺特點紀念瑤族祖先的功績——無 論是神話的或歷史的。那是瑤人宣稱其在國家和宇宙間位置的基礎。

This paper focuses on a genre of text that has circulated in certain Yao communities in South China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand. It is known by a variety of names, but most commonly as the “Charter of Emperor Ping” (pinghuang quandie 評皇券牒) and the “Passport for Crossing the Mountains” (guoshanbang 過山榜).The Charter is usually in the form of a scroll, decorated with imperial chops, talismans, illustrations of emperors and Daoist deities, maps, and other images. Because of its resemblance to documents written by Chinese officialdom, the prevalence of imperial symbolism and linguistic usage, and the specific claims about Yao identity embedded in it, most past scholars have taken it to be an imperial edict once issued to Yao leaders, granting them autonomy in the mountainous spaces of the empire. In this paper, I view it instead as an indigenous production, one originally created by local Yao leaders who were familiar with imperial textualizing practices, who manipulated them to serve their own ends and the needs of their people and family members. From the Qing dynasty up through the first half of the twentieth century, Yao people, primarily Iu Mien or Pan Yao 盤瑤 from Hunan, Guangxi, and Guangdong, circulated the Charter and similar documents, made copies, and preserved them for their posterity. The question is, to what end. Finally, I analyze the ordering schema of the entire tradition of charter production in Yao communities and demonstrate how the narrative and visual features work in synergy to commemorate the merit of Yao ancestors, mythical and historical, which forms the basis of Yao (Mien) claims about their position in the state and the cosmos.