在民族革命言論盛行的辛亥革命前夕，中國無政府主義者反對民族主義而提倡世界主義，相信這才是拯救中國和人類社會的方法。他們依據什麼樣的理論反對民族主義？民族和世界的關係如何？他們所提倡的世界主義之含義爲何？這是本文的主要關懷所在。本文首先探討中國無政府主義者的民族概念，以及他們所提出的 克服民族主義之方法。他們認爲民族是具有民族特性的實際存在，而依據傳統中國的公私論認定民族主義是私心的表現，最終會導致民族帝國主義。其次，本文分析中國無政府主義的世界觀呈現出來的思維模式，進而指出，中國無政府主義沒有將自主性當作核心理論，由此在終極的理想世界觀當中呈現出無法維持個體多元性的一元世界觀。

In the years before the Xinhai Revolution, Chinese anarchists rejected nationalism, and instead advocated universalism and anarchism as the only way to save China and human society as a whole. What kind of theories were used to counter nationalism? What did they have to say about relations between individual nations and the world as a whole? What did the universalism they advocated mean? These are the main questions that this article tries to answer.
First, this article explores the concept of the nation and the way to overcome nationalism as argued by the Chinese anarchists. They recognized a nation as being a substantial entity with distinct characteristics, and claimed that nationalism was a reflection of egoism and was prone to induce imperialism. These arguments were made under the influence of the gongsi theory (公私）that was popular in traditional Chinese thought. Second, this article analyzes the worldview of Chinese anarchism and points out that Chinese anarchists did not take autonomy as their core theory. Therefore, their vision of the ideal society was one of uniformity, without space for individual diversity.