篇名 | 論王陽明的最後定見 |
---|---|
卷期 | 11 |
並列篇名 | On the Final Views of Wang Yang-ming |
作者 | 劉述先 |
頁次 | 165-188 |
關鍵字 | 王陽明 、 錢德洪 、 王龍溪 、 劉宗周 、 黃宗羲 、 致良知 、 四句教 、 Wang Yang ming 、 Wang Lung-hsi 、 Huang Tsung-hsi 、 Four-sentence-teachings 、 Chien Te-hung 、 Liu Tsung-chou 、 chih-liang-chih 、 THCI |
出刊日期 | 199709 |
黃宗羲〈明儒學案〉述王陽明學成以後三變,似乎是沒有問題的說法,二、三百年來並無異辭。但我發現,錢德洪的說法與之有異,只謂教亦三變,致良知即陽明最後定見。這種說法為〈年譜〉與〈傳習錄〉記載的天泉證道所謂四句教所證實。然陽明殼後,王龍溪撰〈天泉證道記〉’倡四無之旨,貶抑四有,以四句教為權法,乃平地起風波,引起日後無窮爭論。劉宗周雖處處與龍溪對反,卻認為陽明只是因病立方,致良知也只是權法,乃歸顯於密,倡誠意慎獨之旨。宗羲秉承乃師所教,將致良知教移前,以之為學成以後之第二變,並不以之為陽明最後定見,對陽明思想的理解造成了巨大的折曲。本文揭破了此一公案,並對於道統問題作出了觀察。
In Huang Tsung hsi's The Records of Ming Scholars it was reported that after Wang Yang-ming’s enlightenment there were still three changes. Such an account was never questioned by scholars since the publication of Hua峙,s work. But I discovered that Wang’s immediate disciple Chien Tehung had a different account, and only this account offered a true picture of Wang's thought. Chien took chih-liang-chih (extension of innate knowledge of good) to be the final views of Wang. This was confirmed by the so-called Four-sentence-teαchings as recorded in Wang's Instructions for Practical Living and his chronology. But after Wang died, another immediate disciple of Yang ming, Wang Lung-hsi, gave a very different account of the Four-sentence-teachings. He declared that these teachings were only expedient in nature, and the final views would have to be what he called Four-Negatives-teachings. This opened up endless debates on the issue. Liu Tsung chou r吋ected almost everything Lung-hsi said, but he also thought that the teaching of chih-liang-chih was only expedient in nature, and he proposed to replace it with his own teachings of sincerity of the will and keeping vigilant in solitude. Huang Tsung-hsi inherited his teacher’s views and moved the teaching of chih hαng-chih to the second stage after Yang-ming’s enlightenment and did not regard it as Yang ming’s final views. His account produced a distortion in the understanding of Yang-ming’s thought. This article for the first time exposes the distortion and also discusses the implications for the transmission of the so-called tao-tung (orthodox tradition of the Way).