異壓性骨壞死(dysbaric osteonecrosis)是與高壓環境暴露有關的缺血性骨壞死，可見於職業或業餘潛水人員與高壓環境工作人員。好發的部位以多脂肪骨髓的長骨部位為主，其發生率隨著潛水深度、高壓環境暴露的時間與次數而增高，因此，在不同之潛水族群有不同之異壓性骨壞死盛行率。本研究進行國內海軍潛水人員的骨壞死調查，在同意參與研究的68位海軍潛水員中，單位A有39位，皆未曾罹患過減壓症，單位B有29位，僅1位表示曾罹患過減壓病。單位A潛水員使用壓縮空氣或氦氧SCUBA潛水，單位B潛水員則以水面供氣或壓縮空氣SCUBA裝備為主。單位A潛水員的一年內潛水任務次數、一天內經常性潛水分鐘數及最大潛水分鐘數皆明顯高於單位B潛水員。分析近十年長骨攝影，沒有確定之骨壞死病例，有10位潛水員曾有一次或一次以上之長骨攝影異常的報告，這些異常包括術後之變化、骨小島(bone islands)、纖維化病灶、骨刺、軟骨瘤、骨硬化病灶(sclerotic lesions)等與異壓性骨壞死無顯著相關之影像發現，且皆為各受檢人員歷年影像既存之病灶，追蹤期間並無變化。本研究結果顯示，國軍潛水人員異壓性骨壞死之發生機率極低，與美軍的調查一致，可能原因是國軍潛水人員遵守嚴謹的潛水作業規範，降低了減壓症之風險及長期後遺症－異壓性骨壞死之發生。

Dysbaric osteonecrosis (DON), an ischemic bone necrosis related to exposure to increased ambient pressure, occurs in professional or recreational divers and compressed-air workers. The susceptible sites for DON are bones with abundant fatty marrow. The incidence of DON appeared to be related to diving depth, exposure time, and frequency of hyperbaric exposure. The prevalence of DON may vary among different diver groups. This research aimed to investigate the prevalence of DON in Taiwan navy divers. A total of 68 divers from two navy units (designated as Unit A and Unit B) were included. Thirty-nine divers were from Unit A and none experienced decompression sickness. Twenty-nine divers were from Unit B and only one of them suffered from decompression sickness before entering the study. Divers from Unit A performed scuba diving using compressed air or helium-oxygen. Divers from Unit B performed dives using compressed-air scuba or surface supplied air. In comparison with divers from Unit B, Unit A divers had more dives per year, a longer diving time in usual diving missions, and a higher longest diving time in one day. There was no definitive case of DON after reviewing long bone radiographs taken from 2004 to 2013. Ten divers with abnormal radiograph findings were identified. The abnormal images included post-operative changes, bone islands, fibrotic lesion, bone spur, chondroma, and sclerotic lesion, which were not related to DON. These lesions were pre-existing and without interval change during the follow up period. This study revealed that the prevalence of DON among Taiwan navy divers was very low, which was consistent with the report from US Navy. It is likely that the strict compliance of navy divers to decompression procedure reduced the incidence of decompression sickness and the long term sequlae of diving－DON.