高考是中國大陸一項具有廣泛社會影響力的教育制度。作為教育體制改革的重點領域，高考改革是關係到國家人才戰略的落實、教育資源的配置、社會公平的維護及公共資源的利益分配的重大民生議題。政府主導管控的招考一體化是大陸高考制度的基本特徵，然而隨著社會發展，政府全盤管控的高考制度暴露出的諸多問題與弊端，不僅成為制約高等教育發展的瓶頸，也與社會的轉型發展以及多元人才的需求指向發生了錯位。重新定位政府在高考制度中的角色和職能，探索符合時代發展的政府治理模式，是高考制度改革的核心問題。本研究藉由文獻分析法，對社會轉型背景下，中國大陸政府在高考制度中的角色和職能轉變進行分析與探討。首先，探討政府在高考制度中的角色和責任定位。其次，客觀分析傳統政府主導管控高考制度的建構背景、成效及其存在的問題。最後，梳理近40年來高考制度改革的發展階段和內涵，總結歸納政府角色和責任的轉變趨勢，在此基礎上，對新時期高考制度改革的發展方向進行探析。

The college entrance examination system (CEES) in mainland China is an education system that has a wide range of social influence. As a prominent part of the nation’s educational reforms, changes to CEES will impact peoples' livelihood, such as the implementation of the national talent strategy, the deployment of educational resources, the protection of social fairness and the allocation of public resources. The basic characteristic of China’s CEES is the integration of the examination process and admission process managed and controlled by the government. However, the CEES, under the government’s complete control, became a bottleneck constraining higher education as it coped with social development and the need to establish parity with multidimensional talent. Hence the central issue for the government became the redefinition of its own roles and responsibilities in the reform of CEES. This study utilizes document analysis to objectively research the transition of mainland China government’s roles and responsibilities with social transformation as a background. It discusses the positioning of the government’s roles and responsibilities and then explores the formation of the CEES and analyzes its influence and problems. By analyzing the evolvement of CEES reforms and their contents over the past 40 years, this study also aims to summarize the government’s role and responsibility concerning development trends and the future direction of the CEES.