績效評估之目的在於衡量受評估單位（Decision Making Unit, DMU）之營運表現，以 及受評估單位可以改善營運之空間。本文介紹最近廣為應用的績效評估方法－資料包絡 分析法（Data Envelopment Analysis, DEA），針對原理、方法演變、應用技巧加以介紹。 並針對DEA 在運輸生產力與效率的應用，分別列舉鐵路、公路客運，道路維護效率分析 及促進大眾運輸發展方案對公路客運業生產力影響分析等4 篇論文進行介紹。

The literature on the measurement of technical efficiency has grown substantially since Farrell (1957) introduced an index based on the maximum radial reduction in inputs consistent with observed production. Based on Farrell’s work, Charnes et al. (1978) introduced data envelopment analysis (DEA), a linear programming approach to performance evaluation when production is characterized by constant returns to scale. Theoretical contributions have been numerous, including allowing variable returns to scale (Banker et al., 1984). The purposes of this paper are twofold. First, introduction to the theory, method and process for the application of DEA are described. Secondly, three cases in the application of network DEA, multi-activity DEA and Malmquist productivity decomposition to the transportation sector will be illustrated.