本論文的目的在於透過析解潘霍華於1933年發表的幾篇重要的論文和講稿來理解潘霍華反對納粹的神學思想。這些篇幅不大、看似不起眼的早期論文和講稿在潘霍華的思想中佔有舉足輕重的地位，因為它們是潘霍華社會與教會關懷的基調。本文首先梳理潘霍華對「元首至上」原則之潛在危險性的揭露與批判。由於時間點的巧合，他的分析與批判十分切合於納粹為希特勒所推動的造神運動。其次，本文接著分析〈教會與猶太人問題〉這篇最能代表潘霍華對所謂的「猶太人問題」之立場的文章。潘霍華在這一篇可以說是「亞利安條款」頒布後第一個來自基督教的反對聲音中，對於教會的本質、教會與國家的關係、基督徒的責任有相當精闢的分析。他想藉此提醒教會，在國家政策和基督徒責任（反猶太主義和善待猶太人）之間應當作出合乎信仰的判斷與抉擇。由於潘霍華在猶太人的議題上表現得比同時期的神學家更積極和友善，所以得到了高度的肯定。然而，近年來有些學者們提出不一樣的看法，對潘霍華當時的某些作法不表認同，提出批判。因此，本論文的最後將提出批評者的論點，持平地檢視潘霍華在猶太人問題上的功與過。

The purpose of the present essay is to discuss Bonhoeffer’s anti- Nazistic thinking by expounding some important papers and addresses he composed in 1933. These too easily neglected documents, in fact, play a significant role in Bonhoeffer’s thought and become the foundation of his constant concern for church and society. Firstly, the present essay shows how Bonhoeffer reveals the danger of Hitler’s misuse of the “Führer Principle.” Secondly, the essay highlightsBonhoeffer’s positive attitude towards Jews during the Nazi regime by analyzing the classic article “The Church and the Jewish Question,” which was one of the first public objections against the Aryan clause. Due to his positive attitude towards and rescuing actions for Jewish people, Bonhoeffer has since been highly applauded. However, recent years have seen in Bonhoeffer scholarship increased negative opinions on his dealing with the Jewish people of his day. It is, hence, worthwhile comparing and contrasting both sides of the question in the third of the present essays prior to the present writer’s own arguments and conclusions.