本文以哲學家羅贊諾夫發表於 1891 年的關於陀思妥耶 夫斯基的論著《論宗教大法官的傳說》爲討論中心，並從中討 論陀氏的宗教哲學與現代性批判的問題。此書出色地回答了 現代人的無信仰狀況的問題：現代人走向無神論，並非僅僅 是一種淺薄的叛逆，其中更有「反抗上帝的是人身上神的東 西」的面向，在這種反抗中，既有人類精神的偉大閃光，也 展現人在信仰之路上的無力——這種無力實際上是人本身之精 神力量的匱乏——這種無力在本質上否定了人類賴以生活的基 礎。於是就出現了下一個問題，即在喪失信仰之後，人類安 排自己命運的基點也發生了根本性的轉移，人類建立制度的 原則也發生了革命性的變革，換言之，人徹底地從基督那裏 篡奪了「法權」。 陀思妥耶夫斯基的「宗教大法官的傳說」 是一個關於現代人和現代社會的陰暗的啓啟示錄，也是一個關 於現代制度之「法權」和「法理」依據的隱喻，這一隱喻在 現代世界的不同民族和文化中頑強地以各種形式再生。重讀 此傳說和羅贊諾夫的闡釋對於我們重新思考宗教視野下的現 代性批判問題是很有必要的。

Our essay discusses V. V. Rozanov’s Dostoyevsky and the Legend of the Grand Inquisitor (1891) in which readers find Dostoyevsky’s unique critique of Modernity. Dostoyevsky’s novel The Brothers Karamazov, along with Rozanov’s interpretations in his book, provide an outstanding answer to the question of how modern people came to atheism. For them, this position is not so much a “superficial treachery” as “something that revolts against God but is nevertheless divine in itself.” This revolution is a reflection of something great within the human spirit. However, it, nonetheless, betrays the inability of humans en route to finding their beliefs. So this atheistic turn dialectically reveals the inability of human spirit which actually negates the basis of human life. Hence, the following issue: atheistic humans change their institutional principles and the bases on which they arrange their lives. In other words, humans seize the “authority” of the world from God. Dostoyevsky’s “legend of the Grand Inquisitor” provides a revelation about modernity and modern society; and it generates a metaphor for the authority and “legitimacy” of the modern system, a metaphor which take its roots in the substrates of different nations and cultures. Dostoyevsky’s “legend” and Rozanov’s interpretations help us to rethink the critique of modernity from a religious perspective.