本文的主旨，在於從制度觀點探究個體和性別的不平等。首先， 本文整合沈恩的個體能力途徑以及Esping-Andersen的福利體制途徑 與多重平衡社會架構，進而提出分析個體與性別平等的制度脈絡架 構。其次，本文以此制度脈絡架構及各國與各國際組織的實證資料， 依次檢視兩性生命歷程中性化和獨立個體發展，並進行個體和性別不 平等的制度差異比較，而且分析這些不平等對人力資源和人類發展的 不同影響。結論中，本文建議必要的制度變革有三方面，包括國家政 策要強化對個體和性別平等的公共支持、企業必須落實性別工作平等 法和以整體社會發展爲其營運主要目標，及家庭主義和社會文化制度 首要注重個體尊嚴與獨立人格，尤其是重視女性的專業機會選擇與自 由發展；如此才能使每個人成爲獨立個體與選擇要做的事，而提升人 力資源運用和經濟社會的發展。

This article examines individual and gender inequalities from an institutional perspective. It first integrates Amartya Sen’s capability approach with Gøsta Esping-Andersen’s welfare regime approach and multiple equilibrium society framework, and then presents an institutional context framework for analyzing individual and gender equalities. By utilizing this institutional context framework and empirical data collected by several international organizations, this paper examines neutralization of male/female life course and independent individual development, makes comparisons on institutional differences in individual and gender inequalities, and also discusses different impacts of these inequalities on human resources and development. In conclusion, it suggests new institutional arrangements and reforms of state policy, business/market institutions, and familialism/socio-cultural institutions in order for independent individuals to freely decide and choose what to do, so as to raise human resource utilization and socio-economic development.