中國古籍《尚書》載有君臣二人之對話（高宗言）「政事惟醇（樸實）。黷予祭祀，時謂弗欽。禮煩則亂，事神則難。（傅說言）『…非知之艱，行之惟艱。』」驗之今日，顯見政事的推行並非如同政策規劃般的可以逕付執行而無礙。由於以民為主的時代已證臨，欲求人民與政府合同諧意，必當多方以中道性方式蒐羅各方意見；因此重大政務落實需經由辨析、論證及歸納，而終於民主之過半多數決之決定；亦即應採用複雜理論所述各分子社群互動影響中，從下而上的研蒐、論證與檢驗，較能符合當前政治發展的態勢。

According to Shang Shu, Gao Zong said with his governor－Fu Yue. Gau Zong said political affairs were real. Overlooking worship would disrespect in time. Too much politeness would cause chaos. Latent matters would be difficult to resolve. Fu Yue said it would not be difficult to know but to do would be just difficult. Validated in modern times, it is apparent that the implementation of political affairs would not be as easy as that of policy planning without hurdles. Because it is self-evident that the time of democracy has come, in order to coordinate between people and the government, it is necessary to collect opinions from all stakeholders; therefore, the realization of political affairs must be achieved through analyses, articulations, induction, and passing the majority rule of making decisions in the middle ground, as a standard.