2015 年10 月29 日「中國共產黨第十八屆中央委員會第五次全體會議」，通過堅持計畫生育 的基本國策，完善人口發展戰略，全面實施一對夫婦可生育兩個孩子政策，這是從2013 年實施 「單獨二孩」政策，即允許一方是獨生子女的夫婦生育2 個孩子後再次調整生育政策，也意味著， 中共實施了30 年的「一胎化政策」成為歷史。 2010 年中共第六次人口普查的結果，即便是在中共民眾隱私權意識抬頭、受訪者不願實報 或拒訪及流動人口多、普查難度高等窒礙因素影響下，中共的人口已經高達13.32 億人，較第五 次人口普查的12.66 億人，多了0.66 億人；在人口持續增長的狀況下，中共何為在「十八五」調 整生育政策，其動機及意涵，值得我們深入探討。 我國雖然沒有實施計畫性生育政策，但是仍然面對人口老化及生育率降低的問題；在內政部 的人口會報數據說明臺灣在2011 年時，65 歲以上老年人約253 萬人，到2036 年將急遽升高到 647 萬人；而同時，7 歲到15 歲的中小學人數卻在迅速萎縮，從245 萬人降低到170 萬人，人口 老化議題勢必也會造成國防戰力之影響。

On October 29, 2015, during "18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China fifth session," China passed an amendment on the population and family planning, trying to improve the population development strategy by allowing every couple in People’s Republic of China to have two children. This is the amendment after the reform in 2013 on one-child policy, which allowed couples if either of the parents is an only child to have a second child. PRC’s three-decade-old one-child policy has become history. In 2010, the PRC sixth census showed the population reached 13.32 hundred million, the census undergo difficulties such as people’s rising privacy awareness, the interviewee refuse to be interviewed and internal migration. Compared with the fifth census, the population was 12.66 hundred million, despite the additional 0.66 hundred million population growth. Under the growing population, PRC still adjust its family planning policy. The intention and meaning of changing policy are worth a discussion among us. Although there is no family planning policy in Taiwan, we are still facing the aging population and slow fertility rate problems. According to the Ministry of the Interior the population report estimates, the number of people aged 65 and above will reach 2.53 million in 2011. By 2036, 6.47 million people will be over 65. At the same time, the number of elementary and junior high school children aged 7 to 15 is rapidly shrinking, from 2.45 million to 1.7 million people, so aging population will inevitably lead to the impact of national defense forces.