新竹北門進士第（鄭用錫家族）「鄭母蕭太安人」喪禮照片，孝子首服為草箍 覆首，以麻布遮面與高延（J.J.M. de Groot, 1854-1921）《中國宗教體系》（The Religious System of China, Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith）所載廈門喪俗斬衰 首服圖片相似，極為罕見，故擬裒集相關文獻，深入考斠，期能探究臺灣民間傳 統喪禮斬衰首服遞嬗之跡。 斬衰首服「充耳」、「蔽目」之制，雖不見於禮經，自《大唐開元禮》以下，《政 和五禮新儀》、《三禮圖集注》、《書儀》、《家禮》、《五服圖解》、《三禮圖》、《明集 禮》、《明御製孝慈錄序》、《儀禮圖》等禮書均未載錄；然丘濬《家禮儀節》〈斬衰‧ 冠制〉按語附記時俗，為「充耳」、「蔽目」之制，目前得見最早之載記；後有徐 顯卿《徐顯卿宦跡圖》「充耳」圖，清晰可見；王夫之《識小錄》、顏元《顏元集》、 沈彤《儀禮小疏》之記錄，與Adriano de las Cortes (1625) 《中國記行》、Olfert Dapper1670 年編輯出版《第二、三次荷蘭東印度公司使節出使大清帝國記》「充 耳」、「蔽目」之圖繪，足堪印證明代斬衰首服「充耳」、「蔽目」之制，普遍流傳； 方志更不乏其例。 先民渡海來臺，以《家禮大全》、《家禮會通》等家禮書籍為民間禮儀、應世 便覽之書，斬衰首服盔冠「充耳」、「蔽目」之制，一脈相傳。「充耳」、「蔽目」之 制，原意或為專心居憂，不與聞外事；以示「耳無他聞，目無他見」，後雖衍為已婚未婚之表識，或為父喪（左）母喪（右）之區別；禮有因革，非一朝一夕所成，然緣情而制禮，從時以斟酌；雖先王之所未有，可以義起也；稽古損益，所以趨時，不可一也。

A rare picture taken in the funeral ceremony of Zheng’s mother, Madam Xiao who lived in New Taipei City shows that mourning sons wore a hempen helmet and a piece of sackcloth to hide their faces. This is similar to the picture in Jan Jakob Maria de Groot’s book “The Religious System of China, Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith”. The purpose of this study is to find the origin and its change of this Taiwanese traditional etiquette. The customs of ear-plugs and eyes-covering carried out by the first degree mourner are not mentioned in ritual classics such as “Da Tang Kai Yuan Li”, “Zheng He Wu Li Xin Yi”, “San Li Tu Ji Zhu”, “Shu yi”, “Jia Li”, “Wu Fu Tu Jie” “San Li Tu”, “Ming Ji Li”, “Ming Yu Zhi Xiao Ci Lu Xu”, and “Yi Li Tu”. However, these customs are first described in Qiu Jun’s “Jia Li Yi Jie”. After that an ears-plug man can be seen in a picture titled “Xu Xian Qing Huan Ji Tu” drew by Xu Xian Qing. The customs are recorded in Wang Fu Zhi’s “Shi Xiao Lu” Yan Yuan’s “Yan Yuan Ji”, and Shen Tong’s “Yi Li Xiao Shu”. The drawing of ears-plug and eyes-covering are also found in Adriano de las Cortes’s book published in 1625 and Olfert Dapper’s book published in 1670. It is clear that the customs of ears-plug and eyes-covering were popular in Ming Dynasty. Ears-plug and eyes-covering were written in the books “Jia Li Da Quan” and “Jia Li Hui Tong” by Taiwanese ancestors for daily life usage. Wearing hempen helmet for the first degree mourning was thus continued. The purposes of these customs are to prevent the ears from hearing and the eyes from seeing and to concentrate on mourning. The customs had derived hereafter as a symbol of nubile or married as well as loss of father or mother. The etiquette and customs not in classics can evolve and change with time for some specific reasons.