煤炭、天然氣、石油、頁岩油和瀝青在内的化石燃料是熱能和電能的主要來源。在燃燒過程中，不同的污染 物如粉煤灰(含重金屬）、二氧化碳(C〇2)、硫氧化物(S〇2和S〇3)、氮氧化物(NOx)和揮發性有機化合物(VOC)，這 些污染物對環境和人體健康有害。高能電子束技術是從工業煙氣中去除SO和NO最有效的方法之一。工業規模 的燃煤鍋爐高能電子束煙氣處理(Electron Beam Flue Gas Treatment, EBFGT)技術已經實施，二氧化硫污染物去除 率高達95%，氮氧化物污染物去除率高達85%，這個過程的副產品是高質量的肥料成分。另外實驗室研究表明， 化石燃料燃燒過程中釋放的揮發性有機化合物(VOCs)也會降解。該煙氣處理EBFGT包括向煙氣中加入少量的 氨，並通過電子束輻照氣體，由此將SO2和NOx轉化為硫酸銨和硫酸銨-硝酸銨的反應。這些鹽可以通過傳統的 收集器如靜電除塵器或袋式收集器從煙氣中收集。與目前使用的常規方法相比，該方法具有許多優點，如下：（1) 方法同時從煙氣中高效率地去除SO和NO; (2)乾燥過程容易控制，具有優異的承載能力;（3)不需要煙氣再加熱;（4) 污染物轉化為可銷售的農業肥料;（5)該過程具有較低的資本和運營成本要求。因此，EBFGT可被視為一種多組合 空氣污染控制技術，可應用於煤、褐煤和重燃料燃料鍋爐的煙氣處理，其他熱技術如冶金和城市垃圾焚燒爐是 EBFGT技術應用的潛在候選者。

Incineration is often proposed as the treatment of choice for processing diverse wastes, particularly hazardous wastes. Fossil fuels, which include coal, natural gas, petroleum, shale oil and bitumen, are the main source of heat and electrical energy. During combustion, different pollutants such as fly ash (contain heavy metals), carbon dioxides (CO2), sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3), nitrogen oxides (NOx=NO+N〇2), Furans, Dioxin, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted. These pollutants are harmful to the environment and human health. Desulfurization and denitrification processes are mostly based on lime/limestone flue gas desulphurization (FGD) or selective catalytic reduction (SCR). VOC are removed mostly by the adsorption on the activated carbon process, but this process is rarely used for lean hydrocarbon concentrations up to now. A CO2 sequestration scheme involves such as capture of the emitted CO2 from the source followed by compression and dehydration, transportation to the storage site and injection and storage of the CO2 in the geological reservoir. All these technologies are costly and complicated when used for complex pollutants removal. Therefore, new and more efficient technologies of multi-pollutant emission control are still developed. One of the most promising technologies and the only one that was already implemented in the industrial scale is electron beam flue gas treatment (EBFGT) technology. High energy electron beam flue gas treatment for multicomponent air pollution and airborne toxic substances from incinerators and thermal power plants. This technology is based on electron accelerators applications for CO2, SO2, NOx, Ra-226, U-238, Po-210, Pb-210 and VOC removal. 98% SO2 and up to 90% N0x removals were obtained at very moderate energy consumption. Additional agricultural test have proved full applicability of byproduct in pure form or as a blending stock for NPK fertilizers. The full scale industrial plants are being built in American, Japan, Poland, and China. These will be the biggest radiation processing units using accelerator technology all over the world.