篇名 | How Formal and Informal Institutional Environments Affect the Way Greenpeace Fights Genetically-Modified Organisms in Europe and the United States |
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卷期 | 14:3 |
作者 | Stephen R. Luxmore 、 Clyde Eirikur Hull |
頁次 | 225-251 |
關鍵字 | Institutional theory 、 European Union 、 United States 、 Non-governmental organization 、 Greenpeace |
出刊日期 | 201809 |
DOI | 10.7903/cmr.17889 |
We applied institutional theory to examine the effect of differences in institutional pressures on strategic decisions of a non-profit non-governmental organization, Greenpeace, in its fight to stop the use of genetically-modified organisms. The effects of differences in institutional pressures were examined through examining differences between the United States and the European Union as well as between two European nations, France and Spain, in Greenpeace’s strategy. We suggested that formal and informal institutional pressures influence strategic decision-making in Greenpeace’s independent national units. We proposed that the US differs from the EU in both formal and informal institutional environments, Spain and France differ in the informal dimension, and these differences are reflected in Greenpeace’s strategies. We also argued that Greenpeace exemplifies the successful use of a transnational strategy and discussed whether non-profits may be better able to adopt a transnational strategy than are for-profits.