軍事組織有別於一般民間企業，為因應任務需求，而有強調階級、紀律與重視一致性的必要性。此外，軍隊中的階級分明且去個人化，是屬高強制性及高壓力的環境，此亦建構出以「懲」為主的工作氛圍。然而，在國軍組織下，成員間存在著個別差異是不爭的事實，且因生理構造上差異的存在，而使每個人對獎賞與懲罰有著不同的敏感性，此亦影響個體對於部隊工作氛圍所產生之情緒感受性的異同。故研究者推論，軍中人員個體的差異是造成其適應軍中環境與影響身心狀況的主要原因。研究者欲探究，在懲罰敏感性格程度上的差異，是否會影響個體在軍事環境中的負向情緒，同時也探討反事實思維在上述關係中是否具有調節效果，期能藉此改善軍隊組織成員的情緒，進而穩定部隊之心理健康。本研究採實驗法，便利取樣於北部及南部軍事院校，並採用紙本問卷及網路問卷施測，受試者合計653人。研究者以「獎賞敏感性格與懲罰敏感性格量表」區分懲罰敏感性格高低程度受試者，並透過隨機分派方式，將所有受試者隨機分派到三個情境中，施測研究者自編之「情境感受性調查問卷」，再以「日常情緒感受量表」測量受試者的負向情緒程度。研究結果發現：1、在軍隊組織中，懲罰敏感性格愈強者，負向情緒愈強；2、反事實思維的運用會使個體之負向情緒具有差異；3、反事實思維在懲罰敏感性格者與負向情緒之關係間未發揮研究者所預期之調節效果。最後，研究者針對假設驗證結果進行討論，同時說明本研究之研究限制與未來研究建議。

Military organizations are unique from civilian business organizations by emphasizing official rank hierarchy, discipline and unanimity due to their extraordinary mission requirement. Under such a highly coercive and stressful circumstance, “punishment” is a common atmosphere in the workplace. However, it is undeniable that each person responses to reward and punishment differently, and thus affect how he or she feels about the workplace. Therefore, it is hypothesized that individual differences are the main sources of causing their various degrees of adaption in the military. We tend to find out whether people’s sensitivity to punishment would affect their negative emotions in the military, and whether counterfactual thinking plays as a moderator in such causation. We hope that our findings help to ease people’s emotion and improve the mental health condition in the military. The experimental method is used to sample 653 subjects in the North and South military academies. After finishing “The Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitive to Reward Questionnaire” (SPSRQ), these subjects are randomly assigned to three scenarios, and then are asked to finish "Situational Susceptibility Questionnaire" designed by the researchers and “Daily Emotion Scale” which measures subjects’ levels of negative emotion. Our findings show that, first, subjects with stronger sensitivity to punishment tends to have stronger negative emotions; second, the use of counterfactual thinking by subjects causes their different levels of negative emotion; third, counterfactual thinking does not play as a moderator in the causal effect mentioned in the first finding. In the end, the results of hypothesis testing and the research limitations are discussed, and suggestions for the future research are proposed.