隨著年齡增加腦部功能日益衰退，認知能力也隨之下降，運動或身體活動對於大腦的益處逐漸受到關注。單次或長期的運動介入，對於不同年齡階段認知功能的影響也有所差異。本文以回顧文獻方式，探討單次與長期運動對腦神經生理及對認知表現的影響，搜尋2007 年至2019 年10 月期間所發表的學術期刊，篩選出52 篇原創性論文及21 篇綜評性文章，進行分析、比較與歸納。結果發現，運動可透過血流變化對腦部功能產生有益影響，並刺激神經傳遞物質、神經營養物質與內分泌激素的代謝，也能促進腦血管新生及增加腦部灰質體積。在單次運動介入下，腦源性神經營養因子 (BDNF) 與第一型類胰島素生長因子 (IGF-1) 短暫的濃度變化與認知表現似乎無正向相關，認知改善的效果可能來自大腦覺醒程度改變。長期有氧運動則可能改變BDNF 基礎濃度或增強BDNF對運動的反應，而長期阻力運動可觀察到IGF-1 濃度提升。在認知表現上，單次中強度有氧運動對各年齡層認知功能皆有益，單次中強度阻力運動則能改善成人及老人的注意力、工作記憶與執行控制能力。長期運動方面，兒童在進行8 週的協調性運動可提升注意力，持續6 個月可改善執行功能、視覺空間感知與工作記憶，成人可透過6 個月的有氧運動提升認知執行功能，12 週的中高強度阻力運動可改善延遲記憶能力，老人則建議以3 個月以上的有氧運動或6 個月以上的漸進式中高強度阻力運動來提升認知能力。由於單次運動後對認知功能改善效果是短暫的，建議以長期規律運動，持續維持大腦的功能與健康。

The brain function gradually declines with the age increases, so as the cognition abilities. Therefore, the benefits of exercise on the brain cognitive functions have gradually caught attention. In addition, acute or long-term interventions of exercise have different impacts on the cognitive functions. The study investigated the acute and long-term effects of exercise on the neurophysiological and cognitive performance through literature review. Fifty- two original articles and 21 reviews from 2007 to October 2019 were searched and selected for further analysis and comparison. The results showed that exercise benefited brain functions through different blood flow, stimulated the metabolism of neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors and endocrine hormones, promoted cerebral angiogenesis, and increased brain gray matter volume. In a single intervention of acute exercise, the transient concentration changes of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) did not appear to be positively correlated with cognitive performance, and the effect of cognitive improvement might come from changes in the level of brain awakening. Long-term aerobic exercise was indicated to change the basal concentration of BDNF or enhance the response of BDNF to exercise, while long-term resistance exercise could result in an increase in IGF-1 levels. For the cognitive performance, moderate-intensity acute aerobic exercise was beneficial for cognitive functions in all age groups, and moderate-intensity acute resistance exercise could improve attention, working memory and executive control ability of adults and the elderly. In terms of long-term exercise, children enhanced attention after 8-week coordinative exercise, and improved executive functions, visuospatial perception and working memory after 6 months. Adults could elevate cognitive executive function by 6-month aerobic exercise and enhance delayed memory by 12 weeks of moderate to high load resistance training. The elderly was recommended aerobic exercise for more than 3 months or progressive moderate to high intensity resistance exercise for more than 6 months to improve cognitive abilities. To sum up, the improvement of acute exercise was temporal, long-term and regular exercises are suggested to maintain the brain function and health.