研究發現低骨質密度與增加冠狀動脈疾病、腦血管和心血管等疾病死亡的風險有關，而婦女於停經後體內雌激素量急遽減少將使骨質流失狀況更加嚴重，而透過增加身體活動力來影響骨質重塑路徑、改善血管舒張及減低動脈硬化程度等效益則顯得格外重要；衝擊性訓練對改善骨質流失或骨質密度有其效益，然而相對也可能會增加膝髖關節的負擔或是造成運動傷害，近年來研究指出以水中模式進行運動能減輕下肢關節負荷，或許可以解決中高齡者骨骼關節老化或心血管疾病導致阻礙從事運動的困境，因此，本文彙整水中運動於骨質健康與心血管相關指標之研究與應用，提供中高齡婦女族群改善其骨質健康及增進心血管健康的相關資訊。

Low bone density is associated with an increased risk of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular disease. How to use exercise to improve the negative impact of postmenopausal women's hormone secretion on bone and cardiovascular health is very important. The mechanical load and Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway caused by exercise can stimulate osteogenic differentiation and the activity of osteoblasts and bone cells to promote bone health. The mechanism of exercise for promoting cardiovascular health is to increase vasodilation, angiogenesis, and reduce the degree of arteriosclerosis. Impact training has its benefits in improving bone loss or bone density, but it may also increase the burden of the knee and hip joints or cause sports injuries. Compared to training on land, performing impact jumps training in the water can reduce the load on the lower extremity joints, and it may also solve the dilemma of bones and joints problems which hinder the exercise for middle-aged and elderly people. The purpose of this paper is to review the recent research and application of aquatic exercise on bone health and cardiovascular related indicators to provide information about the improvement of bone health and cardiovascular health of middle-aged and elderly women.