日本在戰後的科技政策及其發展有兩個特質。首先，政府與企業的研發機構扮演重要的角色；其次，經濟成長被視為科技政策的優先目標。但自2000年之後，日本科技政策的決策者開始思考政策的多元目標，傾向「以人為本」思維取代經濟成長。透過政治系統模型，本文藉由對日本「科學技術基本計畫」（第一期至第五期），以及「以人為本的AI社會原則」的分析，探討2000年後日本科技政策思維轉向「以人為本」的過程與意涵。以結論而言，全球永續發展概念的普及，日本社會課題的嚴峻以及國民經濟的興起，影響了日本科技政策決策機制，這亦是解讀日本科技政策思維轉換過程的關鍵。

Japan’s science and technology policy and its development had two characteristics after WWII. First, R&D institutions of the government and enterprises had played important roles; secondly, economic growth had been prioritized as the goal of science and technology policy. However, since 2000, Japan’s science and technology policy-makers have begun to focus on multiple policy goals, and have tended to consider that a focus on economic growth should be replaced with “people-oriented” objectives. On the basis of the political systems model, this article discusses the shift in thinking behind Japan’s science and technology policy after 2000 by analyzing Japan’s “Basic Science and Technology Plan” (Phase 1 to Phase 5) and “People-oriented AI Social Principles”. It concludes that the popularity of concepts of global sustainable development, the serious social issues in Japan, and the rising of a people-centered economy continue to exert influence on the decision-making of Japan’s science and technology policy. This is also the key to interpreting the conversion process of the thinking behind Japan’s science and technology policy at this time.