全球處於快速都市化時代，人類經濟活動深切地影響生物多樣性，雖然奢華效應(Luxury effect)揭示了乾燥氣候城市中家庭收入對生物多樣性之正面影響，我們對於熱帶潮濕氣候城市的社會經濟因子與生物多樣性關係仍缺乏認識。因此，本研究結合公民科學基礎的臺灣繁殖鳥類大調查資料，透過變異分配(Variation partitioning)，分析臺灣、北北基桃大都會區及高雄臺南地區中，社會經濟、景觀生態及高程與氣候等三類潛在因子對於都市—鄉村梯度上鳥類豐富度的影響。變異分配分析指出，三個研究區域中，以家戶收入中位數為代表之社會經濟因子最高可分別解釋2.5%、8.7%及12%的鳥類豐富度之變異情形，雖然較景觀生態因子影響低，但仍可能高於溫度及降雨等高程與氣候因子。研究結果透露都市化地景中，土地利用組成與配置所表徵之景觀生態結構為影響鳥類豐富度主要因素，其次社會經濟因子影響可能高於高程與氣候因子。然而，與乾燥城市中，富人改善水資源分布來增進生物多樣性的機制不同，位於熱帶潮濕氣候高雄臺南地區的奢華效應主要反映了富人與鳥類對於都市綠色空間的需求；相反地，當不透水鋪面比例過高時，北北基桃大都會區則無奢華效應之情形。本研究建議應考量環境正義，均衡增進生態友善之景觀生態特徵，作為建構都市化調適策略之參考。

The world is undergoing an era of rapid urbanization. Human socioeconomic activities have significantly shaped the pattern of biodiversity in cities. Although the luxury effect reveals the positive relationship between family income and species richness in some arid cities, the impact of socioeconomic factors on biodiversity in a tropical humid climate city is little known. As such, we incorporated a citizen science-based project, termed the Taiwan Breeding Bird Survey for analyzing the relationships between socioeconomic, environmental, and landscape-ecological factors and avian richness along the urban-rural gradient of the whole of Taiwan, the Taipei-Taoyuan metropolitan area, and the Kaohsiung-Tainan area, using variation partitioning. The results showed that the highest explanatory powers of socioeconomic factors in the three study areas were 2.5%, 8.7%, and 12% of the variation of avian richness, respectively. The fractions of variations indicated that although landscape-ecological factors best explain the variations of avian richness at different urbanization levels, the variation may be more responsive to the socioeconomic effects than to the elevation and climate factors along an urban-rural gradient. In contrast with the negative relationship between species richness and income in the Taipei-Taoyuan metropolitan area due to the high proportion of impervious surfaces, we explored the luxury effect in the Kaohsiung-Tainan area, However, the luxury effect in the Kaohsiung-Tainan area only reveals the demand for green spaces to birds and rich people, rather than improvement of water provisioning in arid cities by inhabitants with high socioeconomic status. We suggest developing conservation strategies for urban biodiversity that take account of environmental justice in the space by constructing eco-friendly landscape structures fairly along the income gradient.