We document the taxonomic history of Dischidia ruscifolia Decne ex Becc. After a critical study of the available original material and additional specimens an epitype is designated. We confirm that D. myrtillus is a synonym of Dischidia ruscifolia and the name is typified. Clarification of the identity of D. ruscifolia allowed the identification of a new species that is here published and illustrated as Dischidia argentii Arshed, J.R. Callado & Tandang. The new species differs largely in its floral morphology and particularly in its glabrous corolla throat, absent corolline corona, gynostegium outline, and pollinium shape.