唐宋變革後，士人成爲政治參與的主力，士人因思維模式的不同，影響他如何看待這個世界、如何處理問題。本文認爲透過研究王安石的思維模式，以及展現在「爲學」和「處世」兩個層面的爭論，是最爲適合的例證，其思考呈現「理事不二」的型態，源於他對「理氣關係」的詮釋。受到「理在氣中」論述的影響，王安石採取「和同」理解看待萬物。他肯定萬物差異存在的合理性，強調「超越差異而復歸」，在論述時，由下而上和同萬物，展現在「常與變」和「義與利」等議題之上。在這兩個議題的討論中，本文發現，王安石在「爲與不爲」的選擇時，主張「主動」作爲；在「如何而爲」的規劃方面，王安石強調「擴張」的行動策略。故他在熙寧變法的不同面向中，提倡朝廷需要主導政經分配，影響仕紳階層原本具有的政經優勢。

After the Tang-Song transformation (唐宋變革), intellectuals took leading roles in politics, and they thought about and dealt with problems by referring to modes of thought. Wang Anshi was an example of a mode of thought in his writing “Identity of Phenomena and Reality”. This mode of thought originated from his explanation of the relationship between Li (the Great Rule) and QI (vital energy). Wang Anshi was used to thinking with a “bottom-up” formula and dispelling any differences. When talking about issues like “permanence versus change”, “nature and temperament”, and “justice versus benefit”, intellectuals held discourses with this mode of thought. The policies of education, finance and national defense were affected by the opinions of Wang Anshi.