在景觀遊憩領域中，擁擠知覺對滿意度的影響是最常被討論的議題。過去大部分的研究指出，遊憩滿意度會隨著擁擠知覺的上升而降低；但部分研究卻指出在特定情境中，擁擠知覺對滿意度有正面的影響，而這個影響與中國文化中熱鬧概念相當相似。由於西方文化中並沒有熱鬧的相關詞彙，因此目前少有研究討論熱鬧與滿意度之間的關係。因此，本研究藉由給受測者觀看不同人數的照片組合，檢測一般遊憩環境及熱鬧兩種不同情境下擁擠知覺、熱鬧感受以及滿意度三者之間的關係。研究結果顯示，在熱鬧的情境下，熱鬧確實會使擁擠知覺對滿意度產生正向影響，同時會與地點及擁擠感有交互作用；而在不熱鬧的情境下，熱鬧卻對滿意度產生負向影響。

The effect of perceived crowding on satisfaction has been the most debated topic in the field of landscape recreation. Most studies indicate that recreational satisfaction decreases with an increase in perceived crowding. However, some researchers have highlighted positive effects of perceived crowding on satisfaction. The effect is fairly similar to renao, a word in Chinese used to denote a crowded, warm, and vibrant atmosphere. There is no vocabulary that perfectly describes renao in western culture. Consequently, discussions on the relationship between renao and satisfaction remain limited. Thus, this study examines if renao contributes to the positive effect of perceived crowding on satisfaction by conducting a visual analysis and survey. It designates night markets as renao scenes and national parks as non-renao scenes. The analysis is based on 15 photos of both scenes with different numbers of people. The varying numbers of people can stimulate participants’ perceived crowding and thus, highlight the relationship among perceived crowding, renao, and satisfaction in two situations: general and renao recreational environments. The results show that the renao scene (night market) contributes to the positive effect of perceived crowding on satisfaction, while the non-renao scene (national park) leads to perceived crowding having a negative effect on satisfaction.