在國軍募兵制政策賡續推動面臨社會環境劇烈變動下，瞭解軍人職業生涯離退和社會支持來源的相關因素是十分重要的議題。本研究採用「心理情緒和社會能力觀點」，探究五大人格與學校系統內社會支持，對軍校生退學傾向與整體在校生活表現之影響為何。本研究係以國防大學三所軍事基礎院校某年班全體新生為對象，採用縱貫性方式，分別於「人伍訓練前的調適教育週T1、人伍訓練最後一週T2、以及第一學期中（期中考前一週）T3」等三個不同時間點進行網路問卷施測，彙整最後獲得582筆有效樣本。本研究結果主要發現：（一）在控制學校系統內社會支持後，不論在人伍訓練T2或在校學期T3階段，當軍校新生個人具較高程度神經質人格時，其心理均較易產生有較高程度的退學傾向；（二）在控制五大人格和學校系統外的家庭支持後，人伍訓練階段T2和學期中階段T3來自學校系統內的社會支持，仍均能有效減少軍校新生個人的退學傾向；（三）同時，學期中階段T3的學校系統內社會支持來源，亦能有效提升軍校新生個人在校學習狀況、學校生活滿意度及和表現績效 等整體生活狀況。最後，根據本研究結果提出管理實務與未來研究之建議。

In a military recruiting system, understanding how individuals make career decisions is very important. This study explored the impact of the Big Five personality traits and social support on cadets’ drop-out tendency and school life from the perspectives of psycho-emotion and social competence. The longitudinal method was employed for measurement and data collection. The freshmen of a certain class from three colleges of the National Defense University were recruited as the subjects. The main findings of the current study indicated that "neurotic" personality affected cadets' drop-out intentions, their learning statuses at school, and their satisfactions with school life. Regarding the support system, its influence varied based on the sources of support. The management practices and recommendations for future research are also proposed.