眾所周知，突厥與粟特和中國有著各種關係。突厥第一汗國王室接受來自中國的石龜石碑、屋頂瓦片，以及來自粟特的銘文和可能的隨葬品。豎立在東方的巴爾巴爾（balbal）習俗是源起於遊牧民族，但他們沒有接受人類和動物的石像。突厥第一汗國滅亡後，薛延陀王室可能已經豎立了粗製的石人像作為巴爾巴爾，並接受來自中國的動物石像。突厥第二汗國初期，王室接受了中國侍從的石人像，但沒有像中國一樣，製作已故可汗和可敦石人像，之後可能是受到粟特的影響，他們製作死去的統治者夫妻石人像，這是突厥人獨特的習俗，並非來自中國。六—八世紀，突厥、粟特和中國在文化上相互影響，這種情況是中世紀早期歐亞大陸東部歷史的一個特點。

It is well Known that the Tuque-Turks had various relations with the Sogdians and the Chinese. The royal family of the First Tuque Qaghanate of the eastern territory received a stela on stone tortoise and roofing tiles from China, inscription and probably funeral pantings from the Sogdians. The Custom of standing balbals to the east was nomadic origin. But they did not accept human and animal statues. After the collapse of the First Qaghanate, the qaghan family of the Xueyantuo might have erected roughly made human statues as balbals and accept animal statues from China. At the beginning of the Second Qaghanate the royal family accepted human statues of attendants from China but did not make statues of the dead qaghan and qatun like China. And then they made statue of the dead couple of their ruler, probably influenced by the Sogdians. This was a unique custom of the Tuque, not coming from China. Turkic, Sogdian and Chinese cultures gave influences to each other in the 6th-8th centuries. This situation was a character of early mediaeval history of eastern part of Eurasia.