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篇名 《左傳》職官考論三則
卷期 43
並列篇名 Three Textual Researches on Officials’ Titles in Zuǒ Zhuàn
作者 黃聖松
頁次 001-022
關鍵字 《左傳》職官輿帥芋尹周人Zuǒ Zhuànofficial’s title“Yú-shuài”“Yù-yǐn”“Chóu-rén”THCI
出刊日期 202205

中文摘要

本文分設「晉廢司徒為輿帥、輿尉」、「楚之芋尹猶虞人」與「魯之周人為遒人」三節,討論上揭職官意涵,簡述成果如下。一、桓公六年《左傳》載「晉以僖侯廢司徒」,杜預謂「司徒」易名為「中軍」。然中軍之稱自魯僖公二十七年(633B.C.)「作三軍」後始見,知其說不可從。晉有「輿帥」、「輿尉」徵發役人,職務與司徒相符,知晉易司徒之名為輿帥、輿尉。二、昭公七年《左傳》見楚官「芋尹」,楊伯峻釋為「毆獸之官」。新出楚簡見二篇〈緇衣〉,《禮記.緇衣》之「虞」,二篇簡文分作「于」與「雩」,知从吳聲與从于聲之字可為通假。據此則芋尹之芋可讀虞,芋尹猶《左傳》「虞人」,是司掌田獵之官。三、哀公三年《左傳》載魯有「周人」之官,于省吾讀甲骨文「〇雨」為「調雨」,知从卣聲之字可與从周聲者通假。段玉裁《說文解字注》引〈與揚雄書〉「遒人使者」作「逌人使者」,且言「逌、輶、遒三字同音,逌人即遒人。」依此則周人可讀「逌人」,即襄公十四年《左傳》之「遒人」。

英文摘要

This article is divided into three sections: “Jìn fèi Sī-tú wèi Yú-shuài & Yú-wèi” (Jìn Xī Hóu abolished the official’s title “Sī-tú”, and it was renamed “Yú-shuài” & “Yú-wèi”.), “Chǔ zhī Yù-yǐn yóu Yú-rén” (The official’s title “Yù-yǐn” in Chǔ State were almost the same as “Yú-rén”.) and “Lǔ zhī Chóu-rén wéi Qiú-rén” (The official’s title “Chóu-rén” in Lǔ State was equal to Qiú-rén); discussing the meaning of officials who hold certain positions in State, including their titles, powers, ranks and status all above; then making brief conclusions as follows: First, according to Zuǒ Zhuàn, “Jìn yǐ Xī Hóu fèi Sī-tú in 706 B.C.” (Jìn Xī Hóu abolished the official’s title “Sī-tú”), Dù yù (222-285) said that “Sī-tú” was renamed “Zhōng-jūn”; however, the first record of “Zhōng-jūn” was in 633 B.C. which came from the policy of “zuò sān jūn” (Organize three armies). Therefore, Dù’s saying is irrelevant to this issue. “Yú-shuài” & “Yú-wèi” in Jìn State were responsible for requisitioning conscript labors, and their jobs were consistent with “Sī-tú”, thus it was renamed “Yú-shuài” & “Yú-wèi” in Jìn State. Second, from Zuǒ Zhuàn, someone visited the official “Yù-yǐn” in Chǔ State in 535 B.C. Yáng Bó-jùn interpreted “Yù-yǐn” as an official who was responsible for training gladiators. There are two volumes “Zī Yī” and “Lǐ Jì, Zī Yī” from newly unearthed bamboo slip of Chǔ State. Both have the word “虞” (yú) but in different Chinese characters “于” (yú) and “雩” (yú). From a common usage of ancient Chinese scholars “tōng jiǎ” (replace the word with the same or similar pronunciation or shape), the word pronounced as “wú” could “tōng jiǎ” to another word pronounced as “yú”; therefore, the word “芋” (yù) of “Yù-yǐn” can be read as the word “虞” (yú), for this reason the official “Yù-yǐn” in Chǔ State were almost the same as the official “Yú-rén” in Zuǒ Zhuàn who was responsible for hunting affairs. Third, referring to Zuǒ Zhuàn, there was an official’s title “周人” (Chóu-rén) in Lǔ State in 492 B.C. That reminds me of studying oracle bone characters. The phrase “ 雨” (yǒu yǔ) can read as “調雨” (tiáo yǔ), thus the word pronounces as “yǒu” can “tōng jiǎ” to another word pronounces as “tiáo”. Duàn Yù-cái's “Shuō Wén Jiě Zì Zhù” quoted the phrase “遒人使者” (Qiú-rén shǐ zhě) as “逌人使者” (Yōu-rén shǐ zhě) from “Yǔ Yáng Xióng Shū”. Duàn also claimed that “逌” (yōu), “輶” (yóu) and “遒” (qiú) all got the same pronunciation; therefore, the phrase “逌人” (Yōu-rén) was the same as “遒人” (qiú –rén). For this reason, the official’s title “周人” (Chóu-rén) can read as “逌人” (Yōu-rén), and it was equal to “遒人” (Qiú-rén) in Zuǒ Zhuàn in 633 B.C.

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