肺癌是全球造成癌症死亡率第一名的惡性腫瘤，其中非小細胞肺癌的發生率大約占85%左右，且經常與致癌驅動突變(oncogenic driver mutations)相關。最常見的致癌驅動基因如EGFR及ALK等，目前已有許多臨床試驗證實使用標靶藥物治療可以產生十分顯著的治療效果。此外，還有一些較罕見的致癌驅動基因如ROS1、BRAF、MET、RET、HER2、KRAS與NTRK等，目前有許多正在如火如荼地進行臨床試驗的新藥，在本綜論中，我們將討論非小細胞肺癌中罕見致癌驅動基因突變的致癌機轉、抗藥性以及相關的治療藥物。

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, and the non-small cell lung cancer accounts for 85% of all lung cancer and is frequently associated with oncogenic driver mutations. The therapeutic strategy targeting common oncogenic driver mutations, such as EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements, has revealed significant therapeutic effects. In addition, there are also emerging rare oncogenic driver mutations, including ROS1, BRAF, MET, RET, HER2, KRAS, and NTRK. At present, many clinical trials are in full swing for drug discovery for these targetable driver mutations. In this review, we will discuss the oncogenic mechanisms, acquired resistance and treatment modalities of rare oncogenic driver mutations in non-small cell lung cancer.