篇名 | 從評價論證的相對性來看邏輯系統的選擇問題 |
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卷期 | 50:2=585 |
並列篇名 | Theory Choice: From the Viewpoint of the Relativity of Assessing Arguments |
作者 | 蘇慶輝 |
頁次 | 077-096 |
關鍵字 | 邏輯反例外論 、 邏輯例外論 、 邏輯多元論 、 邏輯相對主義 、 Logical Anti-exceptionalism 、 Logical Exceptionalism 、 Logical Pluralism 、 Logical Relativism 、 A&HCI |
出刊日期 | 202302 |
根據邏輯反例外論(logical anti-exceptionalism),邏輯跟科學一樣,不具有特殊的地位,也是可修改的。不過,有趣的是,在邏輯反例外論的陣營中,對於「邏輯反例外論支援了哪一個邏輯?」這個問題的答案眾說紛紜;例如,Timothy Williamson 認為經典邏輯受到了邏輯反例外論的支持,但是Graham Priest 卻主張邏輯反例外論支持了非經典邏輯。對於兩人之間的分歧,Ole Thomassen Hjortland的診斷是:每個人在理解「什麼是邏輯理論」時,存在分歧。據此,Hjortland 進一步論證,邏輯多元論(logical pluralism)可以為邏輯反例外論提供可信的支持。本文試圖為邏輯相對主義( logicalrelativism)辯護,主張我們對論證有效性的判斷是相對於模型的,而「要挑選哪些模型來評價論證?」是一個實用(pragmatic)問題,依賴在評價者的目的。按此思路,「邏輯是可修改的」這個論點中的「可修改的」會被解讀為「用來評價論證的模型可以根據實用目的而改變的」。據此,我們可以進一步解釋邏輯跟科學之間的相同之處——邏輯跟科學一樣是後驗的(a posteriori)。
According to logical anti-exceptionalism, logic is not special at all, so logical theories are revisable, as scientific theories are. However, there is a disagreement among anti-exceptionalists: some people, like Timothy Williamson, argue that anti-exceptionalism opts for classical logic, whereas others, like Graham Priest, claim that anti-exceptionalism supports non-classical logic. Ole Thomassen Hjortland’s diagnosis of their disagreement is that they understand logical theories in a different way. Then Hjortland offers an alternative account of logical theories such that anti-exceptionalism will be supported by logical pluralism. The present paper aims at arguing for a certain kind of logical monism, more specifically logical relativism, based on the relativity of assessing arguments. Whether a certain argument is good depends on whether the argument promote the probability of achieving the arguer’s end—it is a pragmatic issue. Thus, just like scientific theories, logical theories are justified a posteriori.