1986至1989年的中共政治體制改革，是大陸改革開放歷史的重要組成部分。本文聚焦於這場政改推行過程中的兩個關鍵問題，即1986年鄧小平宣導政治體制改革的由來；政改的研究和政策制定的領導權為何由胡耀邦易主趙紫陽。在爬梳相關年譜、文集、口述回憶及內部刊物等資料的基礎上，本文得出的結論是：中共原有的計劃經濟管理模式和政府管理體制，嚴重阻礙了城市經濟體制改革的實施。消除機構臃腫，提高行政效率，以保持經濟持續的增長速度，是鄧小平提出政治體制改革的唯一出發點，其政改主張的實質仍然是行政改革。而這場政改的領導權由主管黨務工作的胡耀邦轉到負責政務工作的趙紫陽手中，同1983年中共高層權力重新分配後，胡耀邦和中央書記處鮮少討論經濟事務、礙難過問行政系統機構改革的歷史背景有著密切關聯。本文認為，從當年的歷史局勢以及胡、趙關係這一視角切入，或能更為準確地把握1986年中共政治體制改革的個中細節。

The reform of political structure of the Chinese Communist Party during 1986 to 1989 consists an important part of the history of Reform and Opening up. This paper focuses on two key issues in the implementation of this political structure reform, namely, the origin of the reform of political structure advocated by Deng Xiaoping in 1986; and why the leadership of political reform studies, as well as the policy formulation, changed hands from Hu Yaobang to Zhao Ziyang. Based on relevant chronicles, anthologies, oral recollections, and internal publications, this paper concludes that the original planned economic management model and government management system of the CCP seriously hindered the implementation of the urban economic system reform. The only starting point for Deng Xiaoping’s proposed the reform of political structure is to maintain a sustained economic growth rate by eliminating institutional bloat and improving the administrative efficiency, the essence of his political reform proposition remained to be administrative reform. The transfer of the leadership of this political structure reform from Hu Yaobang, who was in charge of party affairs, to Zhao Ziyang, who was in charge of administrative affairs, was closely related to the historical background that after the redistribution of power at the top of the Communist Party in 1983, Hu Yaobang and the Central Secretariat seldomly discussed economic affairs, and it was difficult for Hu to interfere with the reform of the administrative system. This article argues that, by looking at the historical situation and the relationship between Hu and Zhao, the understanding of the CCP’s political structure reform in 1986 might be more detailed and accurate.