目標：比較政府傳統分類表（以下簡稱傳統表）與世界衛生組織2006年修訂分類表（以下簡稱世衛表）呈現台灣三個年代性別年齡別十大死因排序的差異。方法：本研究由死因統計資料集擷取2011，2016與2021年的死因別死亡數依照兩個分類表產出性別年齡別十大死因排序。結果：依照傳統表，除了85歲及以上外，每一年代每一個年齡層的第一大死因都是惡性腫瘤。但是，依照世衛表在2011，2016與2021年第一名死因：在15-44歲分別是交通事故、自殺與自殺；在45-64歲分別是肝癌、肝癌與肺癌，65-84歲分別是腦血管疾病、腦血管疾病與糖尿病，85歲及以上在三個年代都是流感與肺炎。在15-44歲，肝癌的名次由2011的第四名，降到2016年的第七名，到2021年跳到十大死因外。結論：同時使用兩種分類表產出十大死因排序資訊，可以提供更多預防與管制政策擬定優先順序資訊，讓衛生政策決策者做出更佳決策。

Objectives: To compare the ranks of the 10 leading causes of death (CODs) between a traditional government list (traditional list) and the 2006 World Health Organization (WHO) list. Methods: From open data sets, COD data were collected for the years 2011, 2016, and 2021 to estimate the number of deaths for each ranking category. Subgroup analyses by age and sex were performed. Results: According to the traditional list, the leading COD was malignant neoplasm in individuals of all ages except for those aged ≥85 years. However, according to the WHO list, the leading CODs in 2011, 2016, and 2021 were, respectively, transport injury, suicide, and suicide in individuals aged 15-44 years; liver cancer, liver cancer, and lung cancer in those aged 45-64 years; stroke, stroke, and diabetes in those aged 65-84 years; and influenza/pneumonia, influenza/ pneumonia, and influenza/pneumonia in those aged ≥85 years. Among individuals aged 15-44 years, liver cancer was the fourth most prevalent COD in 2011; however, liver cancer obtained was ranked seventh in 2016 and was absent from the list in 2021. Conclusions: Insights into the top 10 CODs from the aforementioned two lists may facilitate mortality prevention and health-related policymaking.